CHAPTER TWO
2:1. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This literature review focuses on past
works on lesson notes. specific attention is paid to the following sub-topics.
ü
Inter-relationships among curriculum syllabus, scheme
of work and lesson note
ü
Importance of lesson note writing in teaching or
learning
ü
Types of lesson plans or notes
ü
Attitude of teachers towards writing of lesson notes
ü
summary of the literature review
Inter-relationship among curriculum syllabus, scheme
of work and lesson note.
One can safely refer
to curriculum, syllabus and scheme of work and lesson notes as members of the
same faculty. this is because according to Tyler(2000),syllabus is derived out
of curriculum, the scheme of work is formed out of the syllabus, while the
lesson note is formed out of the scheme of work . Hence one can figuratively
refer to the curriculum as the grandmother of scheme of work as the mother of
lesson note (omo wale 2003)
As Adeyemo (1985)
pointed out, curriculum is the subject matter of instruction or a planned
course of instruction.
As Nasino-brown
(1996) pointed out, curriculum refers to the aggregate academic activities that
take place in a particular educational institution. This is why there is a
distinction between curricular activities and extra curricula (co-curricula)
activities.
The syllabus, as Adeyemo (2005)
pointed out, is a broad outline of the
work planned to be done in the course of a year with each class in each
subject. Although, as Adedara(2003),
pointed out. the syllabus may not necessary be on a yearly basis ], though it
must be based on particular educational
level and a particular subject. This is why there are WAEC syllabus, NECO
syllabus and JAMB syllabus e.t.c
According to Adeyemo, the scheme of work in any subject is a clear and
orderly statement of the work the teacher proposes to do in time. this work is
for a given period of time. the work is for a year and its is divided into
weeks, months times
Adeyemo was of the opinion that the weekly schemes are the most definite
and a good guide to the teacher. In Nigeria school system, the scheme of work
is formulated in such a way that the topics to be taught are out lined on weekly
basics for each term.(Adedara 2003)
2:2. The Lesson Note(Plan)
According to Ibrahim and Alhassan(2003) the lesson note is the thought
out and preparation given in a written form to a lesson to be taught. The
teacher plans and prepares in advance the fact and materials that he wishes to
teach his pupils as well as the methods by which he will employ to teach the
pupils. The issue of lesson notes is so important that Banji (1990) was of the
view that however learned, and however versed in methods and skilled in the
practice in teaching a teacher may be, he cannot do his best unless, he has
prepared each lesson he is to take. He even emphasized that any teacher who
goes about his work by teaching without a lesson note is better outside than
inside the teaching profession.
§
Importance Of Lesson Note In The Teaching Learning
Process
The importance of lesson note writing cannot be
underestimated, According to sanyaolu(2001),
lesson note writing enables the teacher to know what to
teach, how to teach it his own activities and
pupils activities. Moreover, Farrants(1981) noted that lesson
plan prevents the teacher from beating
About the bush while delivering his lessons.
Furthermore, writing of lesson notes enables
the teacher to know the instructional materials he should use so as to
facilitate pupils interest, attention and above all understanding
According to Kelly
(2002), it is very important for the teacher to select the best method that
will enable students understand and enjoy the lesson. Also, to get the most
essential and relevant points about the topics teacher have to consult certain
textbooks or visit the appropriate website. All these have to be indicated in
the course of lesson note writing
Apart from these, It is very necessary
for the teacher to present the lesson in a sequential
Order
from simple to complex. Kelly (2002) also observed that the teacher needs to
put summary of
the
take home assignment. All of these must appear on the lesson note, If the
lesson is to be
Meaningful
and productive
2:3.Types of Lesson Notes
According to
Ibrahim and Alhassan(2003), the lesson note is a sequential arrangement of the
lesson to be taught on a paper. It provides a summary of instructions of a
specific topics, principles or skills for learner, and it is usually prepared
from a scheme of work. According to them, opinions vary as to how a lesson plan
should be writings, but it is undebatable that every lesson should have a
beginning middle (body) and end (a conclusion or summary)
Ibrahim and Alhassan (2003),
recognized three main types of writing lesson plans
1. Essay
format (vertical layout)
2. Tabular
(Horizontal format)
3. System approach
It
should be noted that all the three types have a common introductory part which
is as follows:-
A: (i)
Name of the teacher
(ii)
School
(iii) Subject
(iv) Topic
(v) Class
(vi)
Number of students in the class
(vii) Student gender (sex)
(viii) Date
(ix) Time of the lesson
(x) Duration of the lesson
v
In the essay (vertical) format, the following are also
included
B: Behavioral Objectives
C: Entering Behavior/previous
knowledge
D: Teaching Aids:/Instructional
materials
E: Instructional Methods
F: Introduction
G: presentation: step 1
Step 2
Step 3 E.T.C
H: Summary/conclusion of the lesson
I: Evaluation
J: Assignment
The tabular (Horizontal) formats
According to Ibrahim and alhassan
(2003), the tabular form of lesson note is usually presented as
Follow:-
|
Types of Activity
|
Duration
|
Teachers Activity
|
Pupils
Activity
|
Instructional
material
|
Remarks
|
|
Introduction step
1
|
five minutes
|
Teacher introduce
the lesson
|
Pupils Answer the
question
|
|
|
|
Step 2
|
Ten Minutes
|
Teacher defines
explains demonstrate
|
observe comment
ask questions
|
A chart containing
contents of Instruction
|
|
|
Conclusion
|
Five minutes
|
Teachers gives the
lesson summary
|
pupils copy notes
|
Notes on
Blackboard
|
|
|
Evaluation or/aid
Assignment
|
Ten Minutes
|
teacher gives out
work to be done in class or home
|
Pupils do class
exercise or copy home work
|
Exercise
assignment given on the board
|
|
The Tabular form has a distinct merit of allocating time to each segment
of the teaching learning process
2:4. The
system Approach Format
According to ajayi and salami(1999),
a system may be likened to or three way device which compress are input,
process and output with a feedback loop, making the whole set up cyclic. It is
organized, creative, theorical,empirical and pragmatic in nature. Hence, the
system approach to instruction is the design of flood of activities. it
involves analyzing, identifying and sequencing procedures and specifying step 3
in solving instructional problems
However, Ibrahim and Alhasan(2003), stressed
that this approach is most useful during the planning stage when the curriculum
goals, subject contents, instructional material and evaluation are selected and identified. It is necessary
for conducting instructional analysis and during the design of teaching aids.
The format identified by
2:5. Attitude of Teachers Towards Writing Of Lesson
Notes.
Jeremiah (1998), conducted a
study on teacher attitude towards writing of lesson notes in Enugu secondary
Schools. He found out that only relatively new teacher wrote lesson notes, and
that the old teachers were of the view that they were not on teaching practice
and as such, they could not write lesson notes. He also found out that
experienced teachers stated that they
were in the position to correct others lesson notes. It was only a handful of
teachers, whether experienced or in experienced teacher needs to write lesson
notes
Moreover, Dare(2000), researched
into perception of teachers on detailed preparation of writing of lesson notes
in akure, Ondo state. His result showed that many of the experienced teachers
were of the opinion that they should write only a summary of lesson notes,
since they had passed out of the teacher training institutions. Other teachers
felt that it was too strenuous and tiring for them to include every minutes
detail in daily lesson notes. They were however of the view that a comprehensive
lesson note facilitates learning .
Finally Abubakar(2004),
researched into problems connected with lesson note writing in primary schools
in Bida town. Problem identified was that the teachers were a verse to head
teachers correcting their lesson notes, some teacher do teaching without
up-to-date lesson palns, some just copy verbation old lesson plan, some fail to
follow the plan in the lesson note when teaching, and some regularly palnned
notes on core subjects(English,Mathematics,social studies,) and integrated or
elementary science) why skipping lesson plans on other non-core subjects such
as writing, art and craft e.t.c
2:6. Summary Of The Literature review
The review of literature as
examined past works related to the issues of teachers attitude towards the
writing of lesson notes, specific attention was paid to he inter-relationship
exiting among the curriculum, syllabus, and scheme of works and lesson notes.
From the works of Authors such as Tyler(2000), omowale(2003,) Nacino Brown (1996)
and Adeyemo(1985), it was discovered that the four concerts were member of the
same family since one give birth to the
next one.
Further more, the importance of
preparing lesson notes in the teaching- learning process was also reviewed. It
was discovered that no meaningful teaching and learning could take place
without a well-planned note of lesson, as corroborated by authors and scholars
such as sanyaolu(2004), farrants(1981), and Kelly (2002)
In addition, types of lesson
plans were reviewed. Authors and scholars such as Ibrahim and Alhassan(2003),
as well as Ajayi and salami (1999) identified three distinct types. The three
types are essay(vertical) type, tabular(horizontal) type and the system
approach.
Lastly, the attitude of teachers
writing of lesson notes was reviewed. Empirical studies carried out by scholars
such as Jeremiah(1998), Dare(2000) and Abubakar (2004,) were reviewed . It was
discovered that, although the teacher behaved that lesson plans was essential
for productive teaching and learning, their attitude was generally poor towards
writing it.
The literature review was taken
from the past text books educational journals and empirical research efforts
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